RICHARD M. BERMAN, District Judge:

Plaintiffs-Appellants Carpenters Pension Trust Fund of St. Louis, St. Clair Shores Police & Fire Retirement System, and Pompano Beach Police & Firefighters' Retirement System (collectively, "plaintiffs") appeal from a May 14, 2013 judgment of the District Court for the Southern District of New York (Shira A. Scheindlin, Judge), dismissing their putative class action claims against Defendants-Appellees Barclays PLC and related Barclays entities ("Barclays"), and several of Barclays's former officers, including its former President, Robert Diamond ("individual defendants," and collectively, "defendants"). Plaintiffs allege that from approximately August 2007 through January 2009, Barclays, a multinational bank, knowingly misrepresented (i.e., understated) its cost of borrowing funds by submitting false information for the purpose of calculating the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), in violation of § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ("Exchange Act") and Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5 ("Rule 10b-5"). Plaintiffs allege that defendant Diamond also made misleading statements relating to LIBOR, including his remarks during a 2008 conference call with market analysts in which he stated that Barclays was "categorically not paying higher rates in any currency." Plaintiffs also allege that Barclays made misleading statements in its SEC filings regarding the company's "internal controls." Plaintiffs assert control person liability claims against the individual defendants under § 20(a) of the Exchange Act.

On June 27, 2012, Barclays's manipulation of 2007-2009 LIBOR data was disclosed as a result of publicly announced settlement and non-prosecution agreements among Barclays and the United States Department of Justice ("DOJ"), the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC"), and the United Kingdom's Financial Services Authority ("FSA") ("Settlement Agreements"). The Settlement Agreements required Barclays to pay fines totaling $450 million and included detailed findings of fact disclosing for the first time that during the 2007-2009 time period, "Barclays submitted rates that were false because they were lower than Barclays otherwise would have submitted and contrary to the definition of LIBOR."1 The following day, the price of Barclays's American Depository Shares dropped 12%, resulting in significant financial losses to investors, including members of plaintiffs' proposed class.

We hold that the District Court erred in concluding, prior to any discovery, that plaintiffs failed to plead loss causation. Plaintiffs' allegations, among others, that the June 28, 2012 decline in Barclays's stock price resulted from the revelation of Barclays's misrepresentations of its 2007-2009 LIBOR rates and defendant Diamond's conference call misrepresentation of Barclays's borrowing costs present a plausible claim. We also hold that the District Court correctly concluded that Barclays's statements in its SEC filings relating to the company's internal control requirements were not materially false. Accordingly, we VACATE in part, and AFFIRM in part, the judgment of the District Court.

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs' complaint alleges the following facts, which are presumed to be true for the purposes of this appeal.

At all times relevant to plaintiffs' claims, Barclays was one of several contributor banks whose borrowing cost data was used to calculate LIBOR.2 LIBOR rates are calculated by Thomson Reuters Corporation based upon the daily submissions ("submission rate") of each contributor bank. Each contributor bank is asked to derive its submission rate by answering the following question: "At what rate could you borrow funds, were you able to do so by asking for and then accepting inter-bank offers in a reasonable market size just prior to 11 am?" Once calculated, LIBOR rates are distributed daily to the market by Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters also distributes on a daily basis the names of each contributor bank, including Barclays, and each bank's daily submission rates. Submission rates, in addition to representing a bank's borrowing costs, may be perceived by the market as an indicator of a bank's financial health. A (relatively) high submission rate, for example, might indicate that a contributor bank is experiencing financial difficulties.

Plaintiffs allege that from August 2007 until January 2009 — both before and during the global financial crisis — Barclays directed its employees to submit inaccurate submission rates to Thomson Reuters, i.e., rates that were, in fact, lower than the rates at which Barclays legitimately believed it could borrow funds. Barclays did so "in order to preserve and/or enhance Barclays's reputation from what it believed were negative and unfair media and market perceptions." Barclays's false LIBOR submissions presented a misleading picture of Barclays's financial condition and artificially inflated Barclays's share price. Defendant Robert Diamond, Barclays's President from June 2005 until December 31, 2010 and its CEO from January 1, 2011 until July 3, 2012 when he resigned from that position, contributed to and participated in the LIBOR rate deception. During a 2008 conference call with analysts, Diamond denied that Barclays was paying higher borrowing rates than other banks, by stating: "We're categorically not paying higher rates in any currency." Plaintiffs allege Diamond's statement was false because, in fact, Barclays was understating its rates to appear similar to or lower than other banks' submission rates. The complaint does not allege that Barclays submitted false LIBOR submission rates after January 2009, but it does contend that Barclays did not disclose that its 2007-2009 submission rates were false until June 27, 2012.3

Plaintiffs also allege that Barclays made misrepresentations in its 2006-2011 SEC filings, including the statement that "[m]inimum control requirements have been established for all key areas of identified risk." It is plaintiffs' position that this statement was materially false because, at the time it was made, Barclays had no specific systems or controls for its LIBOR submissions process.

On June 27, 2012, Barclays announced that it had entered into the Settlement Agreements with the DOJ, CFTC, and FSA. As noted, Barclays agreed to pay fines totaling $450 million and admitted for the first time that, "[f]rom approximately August 2007 through at least approximately January 2009, Barclays often submitted inaccurate Dollar LIBORs that under-reported its perception of its borrowing costs and its assessment of where its Dollar LIBOR submission should have been."

In an opinion dated May 13, 2013, the District Court dismissed all of plaintiffs' claims pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). See Gusinsky v. Barclays PLC, 944 F.Supp.2d 279 (S.D.N.Y.2013). With respect to Barclays's submission rates and defendant Diamond's 2008 conference call remarks, the District Court concluded that plaintiffs had failed to present a plausible theory of "loss causation."4 The District Court concluded that even if Barclays's false 2007-2009 submission rates and defendant Diamond's remarks had misled the market and artificially inflated the value of Barclays's shares, any share inflation would have been rectified prior to June 27, 2012 by an efficient market's incorporation of Barclays's 2009-2012 submission rates into the company's share price. The District Court also dismissed plaintiffs' claims based upon Barclays's alleged internal control misrepresentations, on the grounds that these statements were "puffery" and were not materially false or misleading. The Court also dismissed plaintiffs' § 20(a) control person liability claims because it had dismissed plaintiffs' underlying claims under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. And, the District Court denied as "futile" plaintiffs' request for leave to file a third amended complaint.5

Plaintiffs appeal from the District Court's judgment with respect to two categories of alleged misrepresentations by defendants: (1) misrepresentations of Barclays's borrowing costs in 2007-2009; and (2) statements contained in Barclays's SEC filings concerning the company's internal controls.

II. DISCUSSION

We review a District Court's grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim de novo, "accepting the complaint's factual allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff's favor." Steginsky v. Xcelera Inc., 741 F.3d 365, 368 (2d Cir.2014). "To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to `state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)).

To maintain a private damages action under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5,

Stoneridge Inv. Partners, LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., 552 U.S. 148, 157, 128 S.Ct. 761, 169 L.Ed.2d 627 (2008) (citing Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 341-42, 125 S.Ct. 1627, 161 L.Ed.2d 577 (2005)).

A. Misrepresentations of Barclays's Borrowing Costs

The District Court concluded that defendants' misrepresentations of Barclays's 2007-2009 borrowing costs plausibly could not have caused plaintiffs' losses. To plead loss causation, plaintiffs must allege "that the subject of the fraudulent statement or omission was the cause of the actual loss suffered." Suez Equity Investors, L.P. v. Toronto-Dominion Bank, 250 F.3d 87, 95 (2d Cir.2001). They may do so either by alleging (a) "the existence of cause-in-fact on the ground that the market reacted negatively to a corrective disclosure of the fraud;" or (b) that "`that the loss was foreseeable and caused by the materialization of the risk concealed by the fraudulent statement.'"6 In re Omnicom Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., 597 F.3d 501, 511, 513 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting ATSI Commc'ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 107 (2d Cir.2007)); id. at 511 ("Establishing either theory as applicable would suffice to show loss causation."); see also Lentell v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 396 F.3d 161, 175 n. 4 (2d Cir.2005).

In order to plead corrective disclosure, plaintiffs must plausibly allege a disclosure of the fraud by which "the available public information regarding the company's financial condition [was] corrected," In re Omnicom, 597 F.3d at 511, and that the market reacted negatively to the corrective disclosure. Lentell, 396 F.3d at 175. Plaintiffs need not demonstrate on a motion to dismiss that the corrective disclosure was the only possible cause for decline in the stock price. See Emergent Capital Inv. Mgmt., LLC v. Stonepath Grp., Inc., 343 F.3d 189, 197 (2d Cir.2003) ("[I]f the loss was caused by an intervening event, ... the chain of causation will not have been established. But such is a matter of proof at trial and not to be decided on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss."). This is consistent with the majority of district courts in our Circuit. See, e.g., In re Bear Stearns Cos., Inc. Sec., Derivative, & ERISA Litig., 763 F.Supp.2d 423, 507 (S.D.N.Y.2011) ("[A]t the motion to dismiss stage, the [complaint] need not rule out all competing theories for the drop in ... stock price; that is an issue to be determined by the trier of fact on a fully developed record."); King County, Wash. v. IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG, 708 F.Supp.2d 334, 343 (S.D.N.Y.2010) ("[N]either Lentell nor Dura burden plaintiffs with pleading that no other possible event could have caused plaintiffs' losses....").

The allegations in the complaint are far more persuasive as to corrective disclosure than they are to the theory of materialization of risk.7 Plaintiffs contend that Barclays misrepresented (understated) its borrowing costs and its financial condition in 2007-2009 by submitting false LIBOR submission rates, and that defendant Diamond also misrepresented Barclays's borrowing costs by denying publicly and "categorically" that Barclays was paying higher borrowing rates than other banks. Plaintiffs also allege that the falsity of these misrepresentations was revealed to the public for the first time in the Settlement Agreements. Indeed, defendants conceded at oral argument that this was the (first) occasion that Barclays disclosed its false 2007-2009 submission rates. See ante note 4. And, plaintiffs have alleged that the market reacted negatively to the June 27, 2012 corrective disclosure by a significant (12%) decline in Barclays's stock on June 28, 2012. See Lentell, 396 F.3d at 175. Many district courts in this Circuit have found similar allegations sufficient to plead loss causation under a theory of corrective disclosure. See, e.g., In re Ambac Fin. Grp., Inc. Sec. Litig., 693 F.Supp.2d 241, 273-74 (S.D.N.Y.2010) (loss causation adequately pled where plaintiff "identifie[d] several corrective disclosures that allegedly demonstrated the falsity of defendants' previous statements, and also allege[d] that the value of plaintiffs' Ambac stock declined immediately following the corrective disclosures"); In re Take-Two Interactive Sec. Litig., 551 F.Supp.2d 247, 287-88 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (press release announcing that the SEC had commenced an investigation into certain stock options grants, coupled with a 7.5% stock price drop the next day, created a sufficient causal connection to plead loss causation); In re Openwave Sys. Sec. Litig., 528 F.Supp.2d 236, 252-53 (S.D.N.Y.2007) (4.5% drop in market price of shares in response to announcement of SEC investigation into options backdating was sufficient to plead loss causation); Lewy v. Sky People Fruit Juice, Inc., No. 11-cv-2700, 2012 WL 3957916, at *16-17 (S.D.N.Y. Sep. 10, 2012) (allegations that company's stock price fell 18% immediately following a corrective disclosure sufficient to plead loss causation).

In dismissing plaintiffs' claims, the District Court perceived a temporal "disconnect" between Barclays's submission of false LIBOR rates and the disclosure of the fraud in June 2012, and concluded that Barclays's (unchallenged) submission rates after January 2009 necessarily would have supplanted any prior LIBOR-related misinformation. The District Court found it implausible that an efficient market "would fail to digest three years of non-fraudulent Submission Rates and other more detailed financial information, and would instead leave intact artificial inflation as a result of fraudulent Submission Rates [in 2007-2009]." Gusinsky, 944 F.Supp.2d at 292.

While expressing no view on the ultimate merits of plaintiffs' theory of loss causation, we hold that the court below reached these conclusions prematurely. The assumption that Barclays's false 2007-2009 submission rates were somehow corrected after January 2009 (but before June 27, 2012) is inconsistent with the complaint's allegations and defendants' concession at oral argument that the misrepresentations were not brought to light until the disclosure of the Settlement Agreements. The complaint plausibly alleges that submission rates are non-cumulative — that is, that each day's submission rates reveal information about a bank's borrowing costs for that particular day. Thus, while Barclays's 2009-2012 submission rates may have provided accurate information about the company's borrowing costs and financial condition for the period 2009-2012, they did not correct the earlier years' misstatements. The complaint plausibly alleges that Barclays's and Diamond's misrepresentations were not corrected until June 27, 2012.

We cannot conclude, as a matter of law and without discovery, that any artificial inflation of Barclays's stock price after January 2009 was resolved by an efficient market prior to June 27, 2012. The efficient market hypothesis, premised upon the speed (efficiency) with which new information is incorporated into the price of a stock, does not tell us how long the inflationary effects of an uncorrected misrepresentation remain reflected in the price of a security. We agree with the Eleventh Circuit that, in general, "[s]o long as the falsehood remains uncorrected, it will continue to taint the total mix of available public information, and the market will continue to attribute the artificial inflation to the stock, day after day." Findwhat Investor Group v. FindWhat.com, 658 F.3d 1282, 1310 (11th Cir. 2011). In this case, whether the effects of Barclays's wilfully false LIBOR representations dissipated before June 2012 is a question of fact that can be answered only upon a more fully developed record.8

Defendants argue that Barclays's LIBOR misrepresentations were "stale" at the time of the June 27, 2012 corrective disclosure, and that the decline in Barclays's stock price on June 28, 2012 should be attributed to the imposition of regulatory penalties against Barclays, rather than to the disclosures contained in the Settlement Agreements. See Appellees' Br. 45, 53-54. To be sure, a securities fraud plaintiff must "demonstrate a causal connection between the content of the alleged misstatements or omissions and the harm actually suffered," Lentell, 396 F.3d at 174 (quoting Emergent Capital, 343 F.3d at 199), and may not rely on mere "attenuated" connections, id. But defendants' arguments here involve questions of fact and should not be resolved upon a motion to dismiss.

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that plaintiffs have adequately pled loss causation with respect to their claims based upon Barclays's false submission rates and defendant Diamond's 2008 remarks. We also conclude that plaintiffs have sufficiently pled materiality with respect to these misrepresentations — i.e., that there was a substantial likelihood that the disclosure of Barclays's true borrowing costs between 2007 and 2009 "`would have been viewed by the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the `total mix' of information made available.'" Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 231-32, 108 S.Ct. 978, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988) (quoting TSC Indus., Inc. v. Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449, 96 S.Ct. 2126, 48 L.Ed.2d 757 (1976)).9 In any event, given the fact-specific nature of the question raised here, it would be inappropriate to dismiss upon a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See ECA & Local 134 IBEW Joint Pension Trust of Chicago v. JP Morgan Chase Co., 553 F.3d 187, 197 (2d Cir.2009) ("[A] complaint may not properly be dismissed ... on the ground that the alleged misstatements or omissions are not material unless they are so obviously unimportant to a reasonable investor that reasonable minds could not differ on the question of their importance.") (quoting Ganino v. Citizens Utils. Co., 228 F.3d 154, 162 (2d Cir.2000) (ellipsis in original)); see also In re Morgan Stanley Info. Fund Sec. Litig., 592 F.3d 347, 360 (2d Cir.2010) ("[B]ecause the materiality element presents `a mixed question of law and fact,' it will rarely be dispositive in a motion to dismiss[.]" (quoting ECA, 553 F.3d at 197)).

B. Misrepresentation of Barclays's Internal Controls

The District Court concluded that statements contained in Barclays's SEC filings concerning the company's minimum control requirements were not materially false because they were not specifically tied to Barclays's LIBOR practices. We agree with the District Court.

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act ("PSLRA") provides that a plaintiff bringing a securities fraud claim must, at the pleading stage,

15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1)(B). Thus, plaintiffs asserting claims under Rule 10b-5 "must do more than say that the statements... were false and misleading; they must demonstrate with specificity why and how that is so." Rombach v. Chang, 355 F.3d 164, 174 (2d Cir.2004).

Plaintiffs contend that the statements made by Barclays in its SEC filings that minimum control requirements had been established for all key areas of identified risk were false because Barclays "had no specific systems or controls for its LIBOR and EURIBOR submissions process until December 2009." Appellants' Br. 9. But Barclays's statements do not mention LIBOR, nor do they say that Barclays had established "specific systems or controls" relating to LIBOR submission rates. Based upon the SEC filings referenced in the complaint, Barclays does not appear to have made representations that it had established internal controls for LIBOR, but only that it had established controls for other areas of its business. Plaintiffs fail, therefore, to demonstrate with specificity that Barclays's minimum control statements were false or misleading. See Rombach, 355 F.3d at 174; see also In re Austl. & N.Z. Banking Grp. Ltd. Sec. Litig., No. 08-cv-11278, 2009 WL 4823923, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2009) (finding statements not false or misleading where the "[alleged] fraud consisted of ANZ's misrepresentation of its `equity finance practices'" but "[t]hose practices ... are not the subject of the representations cited in the Complaint").10

C. Section 20(a) Claims

To state a claim of control person liability under § 20(a), "a plaintiff must show (1) a primary violation by the controlled person, (2) control of the primary violator by the defendant, and (3) that the defendant was, in some meaningful sense, a culpable participant in the controlled person's fraud." ATSI, 493 F.3d at 108. Because we vacate the District Court's dismissal of plaintiffs' 10b-5 claims with respect to Barclays's 2007-2009 submission rates and defendant Diamond's 2008 remarks, we also vacate the District Court's dismissal of plaintiffs' § 20(a) control person liability claim as to these issues.11 And, because we affirm the District Court's dismissal of plaintiffs' 10b-5 claim relating to Barclays's internal control statements, we also affirm the dismissal of plaintiffs' § 20(a) claim with respect to these statements.

D. Leave to Amend

Plaintiffs argue that the District Court improperly denied their request for leave to amend their complaint. We agree with the District Court that submission of a third amended complaint would be futile in so far as it relates to Barclays's internal control statements.

CONCLUSION

To summarize, we hold that:

For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM in part (insofar as the District Court dismissed plaintiffs' claims based upon Barclays's minimum control statements), and VACATE in part (insofar as the District Court dismissed plaintiffs' claims based upon Barclays's 2007-2009 submission rates and defendant Diamond's 2008 conference call remarks), the District Court's May 14, 2013 judgment, and REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.